2020-21 Interprovincial Comparison

2020-21 Interprovincial Comparison

Publish date: April 6, 2022 ISBN 978-1-4868-6029-6 
This report provides a comparison of Ontario government revenue, program spending, budget balance, net debt, and interest expense with other provinces based on Statistics Canada’s Government Finance Statistics, focusing on results from the 2020-21 fiscal year.
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About this Document

Established by the Financial Accountability Officer Act, 2013, the Financial Accountability Office (FAO) provides independent analysis on the state of the Province’s finances, trends in the provincial economy and related matters important to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.

Prepared by:
Nicolas Rhodes (Senior Economist) and Rebecca Luo (Co-op Student) under the direction of Edward Crummey (Director, Economic and Fiscal Analysis) and Paul Lewis (Chief Economist)

© Queen's Printer for Ontario, 2022

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2020-21 Interprovincial Comparison, Financial Accountability Office of Ontario, 2022.
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Comparing Ontario’s Fiscal Position with Other Provinces after the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic


Summary

This report provides a comparison of Ontario government revenue, program spending, budget balance, net debt and interest expense with other provinces based on Statistics Canada’s Government Finance Statistics (GFS).[1] The report focuses on results from the 2020-21 fiscal year,[2] referred to as 2020 throughout the report.

Ontario’s total revenue per capita was the second lowest in Canada

Ontario’s program spending per capita continues to be the lowest in the country

Ontario’s below-average interest expense reflects its lower borrowing rates, easing the burden of its considerably higher net debt per capita

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the finances of all provinces in 2020, but little effect on Ontario’s relative rankings

Revenues

Canadian provinces receive revenue from taxation, federal transfers and other non-tax sources. In 2020, these sources generated $11,031 in total revenue per person in Ontario, the second lowest in the country and $1,980 (15.2 per cent) below the average in the rest of Canada ($13,010). Ontario’s lower revenue per capita reflects the province’s low federal transfers and other revenues, which offset its higher tax revenue per capita. Since 2008, Ontario has ranked last or second last among the provinces in terms of total revenue per capita.

Figure 1 Ontario’s revenue per capita was the second lowest in Canada in 2020

Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01,17-10-0005-01, 10-10-0019-01 and FAO.

Tax revenues

Although Ontario received the second lowest total revenue per person among the provinces in 2020, Ontario’s tax revenue per capita was the second highest in Canada at $8,071. Ontario’s higher tax revenues partially reflect the province’s above-average level of economic activity.[5] When measured against the province’s economic output, Ontario’s tax revenues represent 13.7 per cent of GDP, slightly above the 13.2 per cent average among other provinces. On this basis, Ontario’s tax revenues are about four percentage points below Quebec (the highest ranked province at 18.1 per cent of GDP) and six percentage points above Alberta (the lowest ranked province at 7.7 per cent of GDP).

Figure 2 Ontario’s tax revenue as a share of GDP was slightly above the average of other provinces

Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01,17-10-0005-01, 36-10-0222-01, 10-10-0019-01 and FAO.

Dividing each major tax revenue category by its corresponding economic tax base provides an indication of its tax burden.[6]

Figure 3 Corporations tax and sales tax revenue represented a larger share of their economic tax bases in Ontario compared to the average of other provinces

Note: See Footnote 6 for an explanation of the economic tax bases.

Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01, 36-10-0221-01, 36-10-0222-01, 10-10-0019-01 and FAO.

While these shares vary over time, since 2008 Ontario’s tax shares for personal income tax and other tax revenue[7] have been below the average in the rest of Canada, while corporations tax[8] and sales tax shares have been above the average in the rest of Canada.

Transfers and other revenues

Provincial governments receive transfers from the federal government and collect other non-tax revenues, including those received from the sale of goods and services and property income (such as resource royalties), among others.[9]

In 2020, Ontario received $2,378 per capita in transfers, the lowest among the provinces and $1,443 below the rest of Canada average ($3,822). Ontario’s lower federal transfers reflect its greater ability to generate tax revenues relative to other provinces, which limits its eligibility to qualify for transfers such as Equalization payments.[10] Ontario also collected the lowest amount of other revenues in the country ($581 per capita), reflecting its limited property income[11] and its below-average revenue from the sale of goods and services.[12]

Figure 4 Ontario had the lowest federal transfers and other revenue per capita in 2020

Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01, 17-10-0005-01 and FAO.

Program spending

Program spending in Canadian provinces includes money spent on providing services such as health and education as well as other program spending, which includes expenses for police services, prisons, transportation, housing, old age, unemployment, sickness and disability, and children services.

In 2020, program spending per capita in Ontario was $11,794, the lowest among the provinces and $1,960 (14.3 per cent) lower than the rest of Canada average ($13,754). Ontario’s relatively low level of spending is comprised of below-average health and ‘other’ program spending and above-average education spending.[13] Since 2008, Ontario’s program spending per capita has consistently ranked at or near the lowest among the provinces.

Figure 5 Ontario’s program spending per capita was the lowest in Canada

Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01,17-10-0005-01, 10-10-0019-01 and FAO.

Table 1 Per capita program spending by category

Health
  • Health spending per capita in Ontario was $4,800 in 2020, the lowest in Canada and $536 (10.0 per cent) below the average of the other provinces.
  • Since 2008, Ontario’s health spending per capita has consistently ranked at or near the lowest in Canada.
Education
  • Education spending in Ontario was $2,650 per capita in 2020, the fourth highest among the provinces and $113 (4.4 per cent) above the average of the other provinces.
  • Since 2008, Ontario’s ranking has increased from seventh to fourth highest.
Other program spending
  • Other program spending per capita was $4,344 in 2020, the lowest among the provinces and $1,537 (26.1 per cent) below the average in the rest of Canada.
  • Since 2008, Ontario has consistently had the lowest or second lowest other program spending per capita.

Note: Health and education estimates are calculated from Statistics Canada’s Table: 10-10-0024-01 (Canadian classification of functions of government estimates) and then subtracted from program expense to calculate other program spending. School board education property taxes (from Statistics Canada Table: 10-10-0019-01) are added where relevant to better align with Ontario’s Public Accounts.

Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0024-01, 17-10-0005-01, 10-10-0019-01 and FAO.

Budget balance

Ontario’s budget deficit amounted to $1,597 per person in 2020, the fifth highest in the country and slightly below the rest of Canada average of $1,736. Since 2008, Ontario’s per capita budget balance has only been smaller than the average in the rest of Canada in four years – 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2020.

Figure 6 Ontario’s budget deficit in 2020 was less than the average of other provinces

Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01,17-10-0005-01 and FAO.

Net debt and interest expense

Ontario’s per capita net debt was $21,924 in 2020, the highest among the provinces and $8,765 (66.6 per cent) above the rest of Canada average ($13,159). Ontario also had the highest net debt as a share of GDP in 2020 at 37.3 per cent, which was 12.9 percentage points higher than the rest of Canada average of 24.4 per cent. Since 2010, Ontario has consistently had the highest or second-highest net debt, in both per capita terms and as a share of GDP. The Province’s net debt levels reflect frequent budget deficits over the last 40 years.[14]

Figure 7 Ontario’s net debt per capita was well above the rest of Canada average

Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01,17-10-0005-01, 36-10-0222-01 and FAO.

Despite its relatively higher debt levels, Ontario’s interest expense per capita was the fifth lowest among the provinces at $834 in 2020, $159 lower than the rest of Canada average. Ontario’s lower per capita interest payments reflects the province’s relatively low borrowing rates. Ontario’s effective interest rate on debt[15] was 2.8 per cent in 2020, the second lowest among the provinces and below the 3.5 per cent average effective rate of the other provinces.

Figure 8 Ontario’s below-average interest expense reflected its lower effective interest rate on debt

Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01,17-10-0005-01, 10-10-0019-01 and FAO.

Impact of COVID-19 on Provincial Rankings

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the finances of all provinces in 2020. Revenues per capita in most provinces increased despite lower economic activity, as falling tax and other revenues were more than offset by the significant increases in transfers from the federal government. Program spending per capita increased substantially from 2019 levels for all provinces, largely driven by increases in health spending and other program spending.

Figure 9 Ontario's per capita revenues and program spending both increased in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic

* The rest of Canada average for revenue per capita excludes Newfoundland and Labrador, whose revenues were significantly impacted by the 2019 Atlantic Accord.

Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01,17-10-0005-01, 10-10-0019-01 and FAO.

For most provinces, budget balances deteriorated with the onset of the pandemic, as large spending increases outpaced weak revenue growth. As a result, net debt levels increased in 2020. However, despite the impact of the pandemic on provincial finances, Ontario’s interprovincial per capita rankings did not change significantly from 2019 to 2020.

Table 2 Ontario's per capita rankings in 2020 were little changed from 2019 * A positive change indicates an upward movement in ranking from 2019. ** Health and Education estimates are calculated from Statistics Canada’s Table: 10-10-0024-01 (Canadian classification of functions of government estimates) and then subtracted from Program Expense to calculate Other Program Spending. Note: School board education property taxes (from Statistics Canada Table: 10-10-0019-01) are added where relevant to better align with Ontario’s Public Accounts. Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01,17-10-0005-01, 10-10-0024-01, 10-10-0019-01 and FAO.

Ranking
(1 = Highest, 10 = Lowest)

2019 2020 Ranking Position Change*
Budget Balance 9 6 3
Net Debt 1 1 0
Total Revenue 10 9 1

Taxes

3 2 1
Federal Transfers 10 10 0
Other Revenue 10 10 0
Program Expense 10 10 0
Health** 10 10 0
Education** 6 4 2
Other Program Spending** 10 10 0
Interest Expense 6 6 0

Appendix A : Fiscal Comparison Tables

Table A‑1 Fiscal results per capita ($, 2020) * Rest of Canada average includes all provinces except Ontario. ** Health and Education estimates are calculated from Statistics Canada’s Table: 10-10-0024-01 (Canadian classification of functions of government estimates) and then subtracted from Program Expense to calculate Other Program Spending. Note: School board education property taxes (from Statistics Canada Table: 10-10-0019-01) are added where relevant to better align with Ontario’s Public Accounts. Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01,17-10-0005-01, 10-10-0024-01, 10-10-0019-01 and FAO.
NL PE NS NB QC ON MB SK AB BC Provincial Average Rest of Canada Average*
Budget Balance -4,436 56 -464 -440 -814 -1,597 -503 -2,688 -4,318 -2,017 -1,722 -1,736
Net Debt 19,976 12,248 14,759 14,302 12,561 21,924 18,667 10,979 9,774 5,168 14,036 13,159
Total Revenue 12,628 14,548 12,386 13,484 16,012 11,031 13,027 13,088 10,534 11,385 12,812 13,010
Taxes 7,941 7,351 6,413 6,715 9,486 8,071 7,217 7,212 5,104 7,183 7,269 7,180
Federal Transfers 2,530 6,068 4,806 5,263 3,679 2,378 4,146 2,719 2,561 2,621 3,677 3,822
Other Revenue 2,158 1,128 1,167 1,507 2,847 581 1,664 3,157 2,868 1,581 1,866 2,009
Program Expense 15,663 13,699 11,998 12,925 15,124 11,794 12,214 14,978 14,279 12,905 13,558 13,754
Health** 6,493 4,847 5,034 4,909 5,938 4,800 4,873 5,346 5,544 5,037 5,282 5,336
Education** 3,025 2,560 1,885 2,464 2,737 2,650 2,621 2,938 2,591 2,012 2,548 2,537
Other Program Spending** 6,145 6,291 5,079 5,552 6,449 4,344 4,720 6,694 6,143 5,855 5,727 5,881
Interest Expense 1,404 793 852 1,000 1,702 834 1,317 799 573 497 977 993
Table A‑2 Fiscal results as a share of GDP (Per Cent, 2020) * Rest of Canada average includes all provinces except Ontario. ** Health and Education estimates are calculated from Statistics Canada’s Table: 10-10-0024-01 (Canadian classification of functions of government estimates) and then subtracted from Program Expense to calculate Other Program Spending. Note: School board education property taxes (from Statistics Canada Table: 10-10-0019-01) are added where relevant to better align with Ontario’s Public Accounts. Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01,17-10-0005-01, 36-10-0222-01, 10-10-0019-01 and FAO.
NL PE NS NB QC ON MB SK AB BC Provincial Average Rest of Canada Average*
Budget Balance -7.3 0.1 -1.0 -0.9 -1.6 -2.7 -1.0 -4.1 -6.5 -3.4 -2.8 -2.8
Net Debt 33.0 26.3 30.9 29.8 24.0 37.3 35.4 16.6 14.7 8.6 25.7 24.4
Total Revenue 20.8 31.3 26.0 28.1 30.6 18.8 24.7 19.8 15.8 19.0 23.5 24.0

Taxes

13.1 15.8 13.4 14.0 18.1 13.7 13.7 10.9 7.7 12.0 13.2 13.2

Federal Transfers

4.2 13.0 10.1 11.0 7.0 4.0 7.9 4.1 3.8 4.4 7.0 7.3

Other Revenue

3.6 2.4 2.4 3.1 5.4 1.0 3.2 4.8 4.3 2.6 3.3 3.5
Program Expense 25.9 29.4 25.1 27.0 28.9 20.1 23.1 22.7 21.4 21.5 24.5 25.0

Health**

10.7 10.4 10.6 10.2 11.3 8.2 9.2 8.1 8.3 8.4 9.5 9.7

Education**

5.0 5.5 4.0 5.1 5.2 4.5 5.0 4.5 3.9 3.4 4.6 4.6

Other Program Spending**

10.1 13.5 10.6 11.6 12.3 7.4 8.9 10.1 9.2 9.8 10.4 10.7
Interest Expense 2.3 1.7 1.8 2.1 3.3 1.4 2.5 1.2 0.9 0.8 1.8 1.8
Table A‑3 Tax revenue as a share of economic base (Per Cent, 2020) * Rest of Canada average includes all provinces except Ontario. Note: Economic bases of personal income tax, corporations tax and sales tax are labour income (total compensation of employees), corporate profits (net operating surplus: corporations) and household spending (household consumption), respectively. While these economic tax bases are used as proxies for the actual tax bases, they do provide an indication of the tax burden between provinces on a common basis. As there are many different bases for other tax revenue, this category is compared against overall economic activity. Note: School board education property taxes (from Statistics Canada Table: 10-10-0019-01) are added where relevant to better align with Ontario’s Public Accounts. Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01, 36-10-0221-01, 36-10-0222-01, 10-10-0019-01 and FAO.
NL PE NS NB QC ON MB SK AB BC Provincial Average Rest of Canada Average*
Personal Income Tax 11.1 11.0 11.7 9.5 14.5 9.5 10.2 7.9 7.4 7.3 10.0 10.1
Corporations Tax 8.0 6.7 6.5 6.9 12.3 13.3 6.3 4.9 16.3 12.8 9.4 9.0
Sales Tax 6.6 6.7 6.0 5.9 6.8 6.0 5.4 6.0 0.0 4.1 5.3 5.3
Other Taxes 3.4 4.8 2.6 4.3 4.6 3.4 4.7 4.0 2.8 4.3 3.9 4.0

Graphical Descriptions

Figure 1: Ontario’s revenue per capita second lowest in Canada in 2020 Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01,17-10-0005-01, 36-10-0222-01, 10-10-0019-01 and FAO. Return to image
Revenue Per Capita
($, 2020)
Province Revenue Per Capita Rest of Canada Average
QC 16,012 13,010
PE 14,548 13,010
NB 13,484 13,010
SK 13,088 13,010
MB 13,027 13,010
NL 12,628 13,010
NS 12,386 13,010
BC 11,385 13,010
ON 11,031 13,010
AB 10,534 13,010
Figure 2: Ontario’s tax revenue as a share of GDP slightly above the average of other provinces Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01,17-10-0005-01, 36-10-0222-01, 10-10-0019-01 and FAO. Return to image
Tax Revenue as a Share of GDP
(Per Cent, 2020)
Province Tax Revenue as a Share of GDP Rest of Canada Average
QC 18.1 13.2
PE 15.8 13.2
NB 14.0 13.2
ON 13.7 13.2
MB 13.7 13.2
NS 13.4 13.2
NL 13.1 13.2
BC 12.0 13.2
SK 10.9 13.2
AB 7.7 13.2
Figure 3: Corporations tax and sales tax revenue represented a larger share of their economic tax bases in Ontario compared to the average of other provinces Note: See Footnote 6 for an explanation of the economic tax bases. Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01, 36-10-0221-01, 36-10-0222-01, 10-10-0019-01 and FAO. Return to image
Tax Revenue as a Share
of Economic Base
(Per Cent, 2020)
Tax Revenue Category Ontario Rest of Canada Average
Personal Income Tax 9.5 10.1
Corporations Tax 13.3 9.0
Sales Tax 6.0 5.3
Other Tax 3.4 4.0
Figure 4: Ontario had the lowest federal transfers and other revenue per capita in 2020 Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01,17-10-0005-01 and FAO. Return to image
Federal Transfers
($, 2020)
Other Revenues
($, 2020)
Province Federal Transfers Per Capita Rest of Canada Average Province Other Revenues Per Capita Rest of Canada Average
PE 6,068 3,822 ON 581 2,009
NB 5,263 3,822 PE 1,128 2,009
NS 4,806 3,822 NS 1,167 2,009
MB 4,146 3,822 NB 1,507 2,009
QC 3,679 3,822 BC 1,581 2,009
SK 2,719 3,822 MB 1,664 2,009
BC 2,621 3,822 NL 2,158 2,009
AB 2,561 3,822 QC 2,847 2,009
NL 2,530 3,822 AB 2,868 2,009
ON 2,378 3,822 SK 3,157 2,009
Figure 5: Ontario’s program spending per capita is the lowest in Canada Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01,17-10-0005-01, 10-10-0019-01 and FAO. Return to image
Program Spending Per Capita
($, 2020)
Province Program Spending Per Capita Rest of Canada Average
NL 15,663 13,754
QC 15,124 13,754
SK 14,978 13,754
AB 14,279 13,754
PE 13,699 13,754
NB 12,925 13,754
BC 12,905 13,754
MB 12,214 13,754
NS 11,998 13,754
ON 11,794 13,754
Table 1: Per capita program spending by category Note: Health and Education estimates are calculated from Statistics Canada’s Table: 10-10-0024-01 (Canadian classification of functions of government estimates) and then subtracted from Program Expense to calculate Other Program Spending. School board education property taxes (from Statistics Canada Table: 10-10-0019-01) are added where relevant to better align with Ontario's Public Accounts. Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0024-01, 17-10-0005-01, 10-10-0019-01 and FAO. Return to image
Health Spending Per Capita
($, 2020)
Province Health Spending Per Capita Rest of Canada Average
NL 6,493 5,336
QC 5,938 5,336
AB 5,544 5,336
SK 5,346 5,336
BC 5,037 5,336
NS 5,034 5,336
NB 4,909 5,336
MB 4,873 5,336
PE 4,847 5,336
ON 4,800 5,336
Education Spending Per Capita
($, 2020)
Province Education Spending Per Capita Rest of Canada Average
NL 3,025 2,537
SK 2,938 2,537
QC 2,737 2,537
ON 2,650 2,537
MB 2,621 2,537
AB 2,591 2,537
PE 2,560 2,537
NB 2,464 2,537
BC 2,012 2,537
NS 1,885 2,537
Other Program Spending
($, 2020)
Province Other Program Spending Per Capita Rest of Canada Average
SK 6,694 5,881
QC 6,449 5,881
PE 6,291 5,881
NL 6,145 5,881
AB 6,143 5,881
BC 5,855 5,881
NB 5,552 5,881
NS 5,079 5,881
MB 4,720 5,881
ON 4,344 5,881
Figure 6: Ontario’s budget deficit in 2020 was less than the average of other provinces Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01,17-10-0005-01 and FAO. Return to image
Budget Balance Per Capita
($, 2020)
Province Budget Balance Per Capita Rest of Canada Average
NL -4,436 -1,736
AB -4,318 -1,736
SK -2,688 -1,736
BC -2,017 -1,736
ON -1,597 -1,736
QC -814 -1,736
MB -503 -1,736
NS -464 -1,736
NB -440 -1,736
PE 56 -1,736
Figure 7: Ontario’s net debt per capita is well above the rest of Canada average Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01,17-10-0005-01, 36-10-0222-01 and FAO. Return to image
Net Debt Per Capita
($, 2020)
Province Net Debt Per Capita Rest of Canada Average
ON 21,924 13,159
NL 19,976 13,159
MB 18,667 13,159
NS 14,759  13,159
NB 14,302 13,159
QC 12,561 13,159
PE 12,248 13,159
SK 10,979 13,159
AB 9,774 13,159
BC 5,168 13,159
Figure 8: Ontario’s below-average interest expense reflected its lower effective interest rate on debt Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01,17-10-0005-01, 10-10-0019-01 and FAO. Return to image
Interest on Debt Per Capita
($, 2020)
Province Interest on Debt Per Capita Rest of Canada Average
QC 1,702 993
NL 1,404 993
MB 1,317 993
NB 1,000 993
NS 852 993
ON 834 993
SK 799 993
PE 793 993
AB 573 993
BC 497 993

Effective Interest Rate
(Per Cent, 2020)

Province Effective Interest Rate Rest of Canada Average
QC 5.6 3.5
PE 4.0 3.5
NL 4.0 3.5
NS 3.9 3.5
MB 3.1 3.5
BC 3.0 3.5
NB 3.0 3.5
SK 3.0 3.5
ON 2.8 3.5
AB 1.9 3.5
Figure 9: Ontario's per capita revenues and program spending both increased in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic * The rest of Canada average for revenue per capita excludes Newfoundland and Labrador, whose revenues were significantly impacted by the 2019 Atlantic Accord. Sources: Statistics Canada Tables 10-10-0017-01,17-10-0005-01, 10-10-0019-01 and FAO. Return to image
Revenue Per Capita ($)
Year Ontario Rest of Canada Average*
2019 10,566 12,986
2020 11,031 13,058
Program Spending Per Capita ($)
Year Ontario Rest of Canada Average
2019 10,570 12,850
2020 11,794 13,754

Footnotes

[1] Government Finance Statistics (GFS) differ from the Ontario government’s own reported numbers as published in the Ontario Public Accounts. Financial results published by each province in their public accounts are not directly comparable due to differences in each government’s organizational structure and accounting practices. Statistics Canada’s GFS data adjust for these differences, allowing fiscal results to be compared across provinces.

[2] Some provinces’ program expenditure data have not been finalized. Revisions to 2020 data are expected when the final data become available.

[3] Government Finance Statistics are not available prior to 2008.

[4] Ontario has recorded deficits in 34 of the past 40 years.

[5] In 2020, Ontario’s GDP per capita was $58,793, the fifth highest in the country and higher than the rest of Canada average of $55,616.

[6] The economic tax bases of personal income tax, corporations tax and sales tax revenues are labour income (total compensation of employees), corporate profits (net operating surplus of corporations) and household spending (household consumption), respectively. While these economic tax bases are used as proxies for the actual tax bases, they do provide an indication of the tax burden between provinces on a common basis. As there are many different bases for other tax revenue, this category is compared against overall economic activity.

[7] Ontario’s other tax revenue as a share of GDP has been below the rest of Canada average in all but two years since 2008.

[8] Ontario’s corporations tax revenue as a share of corporate profits has been above the rest of Canada average in all but two years since 2008.

[9] The FAO calculates ‘other revenues’ in this report as the sum of the Social Contributions and Other Revenue categories in GFS. These items comprise revenue from social security contributions, property income such as rents (including resource royalties), interest and dividends in addition to revenue generated from the sales of goods and services (including administration fees), fines and penalties, and voluntary transfers as well as other miscellaneous revenues. For more information on GFS categories, see the Government Financial Statistics Manual 2001.

[10] Equalization payments are determined by a province’s fiscal capacity to raise revenues through five board revenue categories: personal income taxes, business taxes, consumption taxes, property taxes and natural resource revenues. See Equalization Program, Government of Canada. Ontario has qualified for Equalization payments in only 10 years since the program’s inception in 1957.

[11] Ontario’s lack of property income reflects its low resource royalties, as well as its below-average income from its financial assets and ownership of corporations. In 2020, Ontario collected $135 in property income per capita, well below the average in rest of Canada ($925).

[12] Sales of good and services includes administration fees, which in 2020 generated $85 per capita in Ontario, lower than the rest of Canada average ($138). From the sale of other goods and services (excluding administration fees), Ontario collected $116 per capita, below the rest of Canada average ($434). 

[13] Examining the causes of differences in per capita program spending among the provinces is beyond the scope of this report. Lower per capita spending in Ontario may reflect a combination of factors, including lower demand for services, lower costs of delivering public services from economies of scale, and/or lower quality or quantity of services provided. Per capita health and education spending are calculated from Statistics Canada Table: 10-10-0005-01 (Canadian classification of functions of government).

[14] Based on Ontario’s Public Accounts, Ontario has balanced its budget in only six of the past 40 years, with deficits worsening during economic downturns and improving during expansions. See the FAO’s 2022 Long-Term Budget Outlook for more information.

[15] The effective interest rate is calculated as total interest paid divided by gross debt. Gross debt is calculated as the sum of debt securities and loans in Statistics Canada’s GFS Table 10-10-0017-01.